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Taxon name
Glossocardia synergasia R.A.Kerrigan, sp. nov
Figure citations
Registration Number
Type statement
Type: Queensland. Cook District: Deighton Road, Laura. R.A. Kerrigan and F.A. Zich 1450 (holo: BRI; iso: CNS [CNS157281], CANB, DNA).
Synonymy
Diagnosis
Differing from all Glossocardia by the pappus of stout awns strongly deflexed and running parallel to cypsela, and cypsela ellipsoid in cross section.
Description
Ephemeral herb or short-lived annual, erect, single stemmed or occasionally with 2 or 3 upper branches, 10–26 (–35) cm tall, with a slender tap root; stem glabrous (Fig.1). Leaves cauline, occasionally a basal pair present. Lamina of basal pair, simple, filiform, opposite, sessile, connate at base and forming collar around stem. Upper cauline leaves alternate, occasionally opposite or clustered around branching points; petioles absent. Lamina of upper cauline leaves decurrent to shallowly stem clasping at base, simple, entire to trilobed; entire leaves linear, filiform or terete, 1.5–7.5 cm long x 0.5–1 mm wide, lateral lobes linear, filiform or terete to 9–15 mm long; mucronate with mucro to 0.4 mm long, sometimes shallowly recurved, midvein visible abaxially when dry; multicellular hairs present on young leaves.
Inflorescence a few solitary terminal capitula on long peduncles up to 8 cm long; peduncles glabrescent, multicellular hairs present when young; occasionally with a leaf like bract below the capitula, bract herbaceous with narrow scarious irregular margin. Capitula radiate with ray florets on the margin and tubular flowers in the middle, to 10 mm diameter (excluding limb on ray florets) and 8 mm long (excluding limb on ray florets) (Fig.2a–b).
Phyllaries 2 to 3, often 2 large and 1 smaller, occasionally with a bract intermediate in form between phyllaries and paleae but not subtending a floret. Phyllary overall shape obtriangular, herbaceous with a scarious margin (Fig.2c). Herbaceous centre narrowly oblong /narrowly elliptic,(2.5–) 3–5.6 (–8) mm long x 0.5–0.9 mm wide, concave when fresh, green, occasionally drying with yellow tinge; apex acute with recurved or straight mucro; multicellular hairs sparse on inner surface of herbaceous centre. Scarious margin present along length of bract or occasionally underdeveloped and asymmetric, margin reduced or up to 0.4 mm wide with an erose edge, broadening to a truncate apex finishing at or below herbaceous tip; white; multicellular hairs along edge of distal broadening (obscure in dried specimens).
Paleae present, up to 9 per capitula, subtending each floret, overall shape narrowly obcordate (obovate with emarginate apex), petaloid with a scarious margin, concave when fresh and cradling floret. The petaloid centre variable in shape, narrowly oblong, narrowly elliptic, narrowly lanceolate or narrowly oblanceolate, (4.6–) 5–6 mm long x (0.5–)1 –1.8 (–2) mm wide, yellow; apex acute; abaxial surface with a central ridgeline or shallow keel; multicellular hairs with a stout base and a long bent threadlike tip dotted along ridgeline and scattered across apex of palea. Scarious margin present along length of palea, widening and obtuse at apex to 1 mm wide, margin erose, paler yellow to white, occasional multicellular hairs present along margins (Fig.2d).
Ray florets female, (1–) 2 or 3 per capitulum, 2–3 (–4) lobed, c. 7 mm long, yellow (Fig.3a); lamina c. 2–3.7 mm long, nerves 5–7; tube constricted below lamina and 1.5 mm long; style exserted from tube; stigma 2-armed; stigma arms c. 0.5–0.75 mm long, papillae absent or reduced; ovary 3 mm long, unilocular with basal placentation. Pappus of 2 stout awns, deflexed and running parallel to cypsela; awns 2.5 mm long.
Disk florets bisexual, 3–6 per capitulum, 4 (–5)-merous, c. 6 mm long, yellow; corolla with dilated apical tube and constricted basal tube; dilated part 1.5 mm long, with lobes free in apical third, free lobes 0.5 mm long, tube 1 mm; constricted basal part 1 mm long; style exserted; stigma 2–armed (Fig.3b). Stigma arms comprised of broadly oblong, receptive surfaces c. 3 mm long, often with a channelled midline visible, which constricts into a linear appendage, c. 0.7 mm long; appendages papillate throughout (Fig.3c). Stamens 4 (–5); anthers connate in tubular sheath around style, opening adaxially, 2 celled, c. 0.8 mm long, base truncate, apex with triangular appendage; filaments free for c. 1 mm and attached to corolla at throat of basal tube. Ovary 3 mm long, unilocular with basal placentation. Pappus of 2 stout awns, deflexed and running parallel to cypsela; awns 2 mm long (shorter than ray floret awns).
Cypsela rod-like, straight, slightly tapering at base and terete to ellipsoid in cross section, 6 –7 mm long x 0.75–1 mm wide, becoming strongly dorso-ventrally flattened at apex, about 0.5–0.8 mm from apex (Fig.3d). Cypsela surface black to reddish brown, finely textured with irregularly protuberances (sclerifications) distributed patchily across the surface; protuberances reddish brown, light brown, fawn or yellow in colour. Cypsela body glabrous or rarely with fine thread-like hairs. Pappus of 2 stout deflexed awns, dorso-ventrally compressed, 0.3–0.4 mm wide, light brown, fawn, yellow, running parallel to body of the cypsela for up to ½ length c. 3.8–4 mm long. Awns retrorsely barbed, hairs about 0.4 mm long; differences in awn lengths observed in flower not obvious in seed.
Specimens Examined
Deighton Road, NE of Laura, 11 March 2017, S.J. Worboys 1408 (CNS); Deighton Road, NE of Laura, 17 March 2025, R.A. Kerrigan 1451 & F.A. Zich (CANB, CNS); Deighton Road, NE of Laura, 17 March 2025, R.A. Kerrigan 1452 & F.A. Zich (CNS).
Notes
Distribution & habitat. Australia, Queensland, Cook District (Fig.4). Melaleuca foliolosa low open woodland adjacent small stream, with annual grass/sedge herb understorey to 30 cm, on sandy loam (Fig.5). This community is mapped as Regional Ecosystem (RE) 3.3.47 (“Melaleuca citrolens± M. foliolosa low open woodland along drainage lines”) on the Qld Government Regional Ecosystem Database (Queensland Herbarium 2024; Queensland Globe).
Conservation status. This species is known from a single population of approximately several hundred individuals at one locality, and although there are no obvious immediate threats to the population it remains on unprotected land within 70 m of an unsealed road. Further survey of likely habitat around Laura, when the type collection was made, did not locate further populations. This species was first collected in 2017 by Stuart Worboys when Bush Blitz conducted a biodiversity survey on the sandstone escarpment around Laura. While the Bush Blitz survey effort was targeting a different landform, if this species was widespread in the area, it is likely additional collections would have been made during that time. The Qld Government Regional Ecosystem Database (Queensland Herbarium 2024; Queensland Globe) reports 84000 ha for Regional Ecosystem (RE) 3.3.47, with the community found in the following protected areas Olkola NP (CYPAL), Rinyirru (Lakefield) NP (CYPAL), Lama Lama NP (CYPAL), Muundhi (Jack River) NP (CYPAL), KULLA (McIlwraith Range) NP (CYPAL), Cape Melville NP (CYPAL), Errk Oykangand NP (CYPAL), Alwal NP (CYPAL). Currently, this RE is identified with a special value of potential habitat for NCA listed species: Dendrobium johannis Rchb.f.. The location of the type collection is adjacent what looks like an old railway line.
Etymology. Initially the etymology for this taxon was to reference a grappling hook or anchor to reflect the shape of the awns of the cypsela. This was replaced by the Greek word for collaboration -synergasia- to reflect the numerous contributions from other botanists to bring this description to publication. Tony Bean and Ailsa Holland (Queensland Herbarium) confirmed my original suspicion this species was undescribed and suggested affinities to Glossocardia. Stuart Worboys from the Australian Tropical Herbarium (CNS) was the first to collect this specimen as Asteraceae indet. in 2017 on the Quinkan Bush Blitz. Dr. Alexander Schmidt-Lebuhn (CSIRO) extracted and analysed molecular material to help place the species in an appropriate genus. Frank Zich (CNS) assisted with collection, encouragement and manuscript proof reading. The Australian Tropical Herbarium provided funds through a small grant scheme to collect further material and Bush Blitz provided funds to support field work. A special thanks goes to the Laura Rangers who provided field assistance in the broader Quinkan area.
Notes. This species is relatively cryptic in the ground layer. Superficially, it resembles Iphigenia indica (L.) Kunth with the ovoid inflorescence sometimes misidentified from a distance as an Iphigenia capsule, a common species emergent at the same time of year. The species appears to be short lived and emerges, flowers and sets fruit in the middle of the wet season when collectors are less likely to be active on unsealed roads.

Figure 1. Isotype of Glossocardia synergasia (Photo CC BY-NC Australian Tropical Herbarium). Voucher: R.A.Kerrigan 1450, CNS 157281.1.

Figure 2. Morphology of capitula, phyllaries, and paleae of Glossocardia synergasia. A. Side view of capitulum (fresh), B. Plan view of capitulum (fresh) , C. Herbaceous outer phyllaries (spirit material), D. Petaloid paleae (spirit material). Voucher: R.A.Kerrigan 1450, CNS 157281. Photos: A, C, D - R.A. Kerrigan; B - F.A. Zich.

Figure 3. Morphology of florets, stigmas and cypsela of Glossocardia synergasia. A. Ray floret cradled by palea and with deflexed pappus awns (spirit material), B. Tubular floret cradled by palea and with deflexed pappus awns (spirit material), C. Stigmatic lobes, tubular floret, showing penicillate appendages (spirit material), D. Cypsela with deflexed pappus awns (spirit material). Voucher: R.A.Kerrigan 1450, CNS 157281. Photos: A-D - R.A. Kerrigan.
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