Steve Wylie studies the smallest, strangest, most mind-bending organisms of all time - viruses.
Everyone knows that viruses cause the flu, common cold and a host of other diseases in plants and animals. But Steve and many virologists like him see them in a very different light. His journey to virus taxonomy followed a remarkably common path for virologists: he first just wanted to control them, but became increasingly fascinated by the viruses themselves, rather than the diseases they cause.
Like many good things in Australia, Steve's a kiwi. He grew up on the South Island of New Zealand and completed undergraduate training in plant physiology at Otago University. A PhD followed at Murdoch University, where he studied resistance of lupins to a serious agricultural virus, the bean yellow mosaic virus.
Viruses are one of the most abundant and ubiquitous life forms on Earth. Every drop of seawater contains around 10 million virus particles. Multiply that by the number of drops in the ocean, and the abundance of viruses starts to become apparent.
But that's just the beginning. As this blog notes, when you talk about viruses, you need to talk in very, very big numbers. Multiply the number of stars in the Universe by 10 million and you have an estimate for the number of viruses on Earth. Stack them all end-to-end, and you'd have a stack 200 million light years long, stretching way beyond the edge of our galaxy.
And bringing this right down to Earth, when you have a flu, your body probably harbours around 100 trillion flu viruses. No wonder you feel rotten.
As far as we know, there are no free-living viruses. Every one them needs a host - a bacterium, human or other organism - to function and reproduce. And every one of the more than ten million species of other organisms on Earth, from humans to fungi and bacteria, has specialised viruses living in and on them.
Viruses range in shape from simple rods or spheres to weird-looking things like a cross between a NASA moon lander and a hypodermic syringe. And these are only the more conventional ones. Many are simply naked strands of RNA or DNA. They have no "body" at all - they are infective molecules.
This great variety, and the very wide range of genetic mechanisms viruses use to reproduce, strongly suggests that they do not constitute a single branch of life on Earth. Rather, there have almost certainly been multiple origins for viruses. Some of them may represent the very first stages of the evolution of life, while others may represent the last - more conventional organisms that gradually stripped themselves down to become the simplest and most effective life forms ever.
It's easy to see why Steve Wylie became fascinated by these extraordinary organisms.
While he continues to work on practical aspects of viruses, the diseases they cause and ways to beat them, Steve increasingly focuses on viruses as parts of natural ecosystems. He's discovered and named many new virus species that infect native Australian plants, a much-neglected area of research. He's particularly fascinated by viruses that live in the fungi that live in or with native plants, an even more neglected area of research.
We usually think of viruses as the bringers of disease. This is not surprising - some do, and of course these are the ones that are most extensively studied. But work by Steve and others has shown that most viruses cause no symptoms in their host. In fact, research in Steve's lab shows that some fungi grow much more slowly when "cured" of their viruses. Reintroduce the viruses to a "cured" isolate of the fungus, and it grows faster and stronger again. There's clearly much more to viruses than sniffles and a sore throat.
Steve's work with viruses extends to their taxonomy and classification. The naming of viruses is controlled by the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN) under the direction of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Steve is the Chair of one of the ICTV subcommittees that manages this and attempts to make sense of the bewildering variety of viruses.
And sometimes, sense is very hard to make. One virus discovered and named by Steve is the donkey orchid symptomless virus (DOSV). As its name suggests, this was isolated from donkey orchids (Diurus) and appears to cause no symptoms. It's nevertheless a fascinating virus, dubbed by Steve as a "viral platypus".
The first specimens of platypus sent to European museums baffled scientists, some of whom dismissed it as a hoax, believing the bill of a duck had been sewn onto the body of a beaver. Steve's "viral platypus" is similar. An analysis of its genome revealed that it has some similarities to other plant viruses, some similarities to a squirrelpox virus, and some to the deadly Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. The virus is so odd that a new genus was created for it, in which it remains the sole species. What it's doing living in donkey orchids is anyone's guess.
The most abundant, ubiquitous, and arguably most important creatures on Earth, viruses are also the least understood of any group. Virologists like Steve have barely scratched the surface of the viral world, the ultimate "dark matter" of biodiversity.
